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- Subject: HF PACKET TUTOR
-
-
- HF PACKET OPERATION
- A SHORT INTRODUCTION
-
- TNC default parameters are usually "good". But they assume that you
- operate on VHF only. HF operations are a different matter.
-
- There is little information around about HF packet operation and many
- questions. This is due partly because of the lack of documentation
- contained in eralier tncs. Although most operation in the USA is on VHF
- there are still isolated areas where there are no "linked" vhf systems
- and also those who have the desire and patience to explore the HF packet
- bands.
-
- This short introduction is simply to get you started if you are
- interested in HF packet operation. None of the following should be taken
- as Gospel and indeed, I am certain that some would disagree. The
- following must be at least worth something as this poor soul has suffered
- through hundreds of HF packet qsos over the past 4 years.
-
- AMTOR is BETTER!
-
- Firstly, to avoid the argument of which is better, packet or AMTOR; let
- it be said that AMTOR will get the message through where packet will
- fail. But this is when band conditions are extremely marginal. RTTY will
- have so many errors during marginal conditions that it will be useless.
- Given moderate conditions, the throughput for AMTOR and PACKET are very
- similar. This depends on many factors pertaining to RF path, frequency
- congestion, parameter settings, etc. Given good to excellent conditions,
- packet far outshines AMTOR in efficiency. However the added advantages of
- HF PACKET, because of its ability to do automatic forwarding and routing,
- makes its' use far more appealing to us whose main goal is to "get the
- message through".
-
-
- THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN HF PACKET Versus VHF PACKET
-
- The RADIO port Baud rate must be set to 300 BAUD below 29 MHz. The
- TERMINAL baud rate can be set at any speed that you like. On the original
- TAPR TNC 1 the radio port Baud rate command is HBAUD and the terminal
- BAUD rate setting is called ABAUD.
-
- The PACLEN command sets the amount of information BYTES per packet frame.
- Paclen should be set down during minimal conditions. This increases your
- overhead but produces shorter packets. Shorter packets have less of a
- chance to be hit by qrm or fading. Remember if even one bit is missed, the
- packet will not be ACKnowledged and a retry will continue. If conditions
- are excellent, then longer paclens can be used. The paclen commonly can
- best as low as 80 or as high as 128. Unless conditions are extraordinary,
- a paclen of above 128 on HF is not normally recommended. I favor a paclen
- of 80 but many critics suggest 128 (they probably have beams :-).
-
- MAXFRAME setting considerations are similar to paclen. MAXFRAME sets the
- amount of frames that can be outstanding without an ack. Default is 4 on
- most TNCs; but on HF this can be disasterous unless the conditions are
- extraordinarily terrific. A maxframe setting of 2 is a general "best
- setting" for HF for "good" RF paths not subject to fading, qrm, etc. When
- conditions are poor, a maxframe of 1 combined with a paclen of 80 will
- get the mesage through while higher settings will not work. Remember at
- 300 BAUD, packets are long. The longer they are, the greater the chance of
- it getting "hit". Buying into a higher maxframe and paclen may ensure
- that you never get an ack or constantly overload the frequency.
-
- The TXD setting allows enough audio signal deadtime before the actual
- packet data is broadcast. This allows slower switching systems especially
- those with mechanical relays enough time to get keyed down before the
- data is sent. If some of the data is sent to the transmitter before the
- relay is fully closed then thefirst part of the packet is lost and
- retries will be "forever". Some txd is always necessary. For slower
- switching hf rigs, a txd of 400 ms or more may be necessary. This also
- allows the receiver on the other end to recovedr to receive mode. Do not
- use your audio to key the vox as vox always introdices a delay both ways.
- Key the transmitter with the PTT switch directly from the TNC.
-
- Set DWAIT to 0. Since on HF there are no digipeaters and much noise and
- qrm dwait settings can be set at zero.
-
- On a crowded HF frequency set your FRACK up to 5 or more. You do not know
- who else the "acking" station is hearing and thus how long he is dcding
- until he can spit out the ack.
-
- REMEMBER TO SET THESE SETTINGS BACK TO DEFAULT WHEN RETURNING TO VHF!
-
- TUNING IS CRITICAL
-
- Exact frequency no greater than plus or minus 30 Hz is necessary on
- packet. + or - 30 Hz doesn't seem like much to most of us; but it is
- critical because the shift is only 200 HZ. 60 Hz is a large percentage of
- 200 HZ and the modems that we use will have difficulty discerning tones
- without accurate tuning. You will need a tuning indicator. All of the
- earlier TNCs did not have a tuner built in. Most of the current
- manufacturers give you an option. Most of the earlier tncs did not have
- exceptional HF filtering that worked well with concventional Ham
- receivers in LSB position. Thus S/N ratios must be high.
-
- FREQUENCIES ARE VERY ESOTERIC
-
- Commonly used packet frequencies on HF are 14.103 14.105 14.107 14.109
- 14.111 10.479 7093 3610.... ALL LSB. There is little activity on 80 M and
- some activity on 15 M, 12 M, and 10 M. As band conditions improve during
- the next few years activity on 10 M and 15 M will increase.
-
- But the above frequencies are based on your dial readout in the LSB
- position if you are using a standard TAPR TNC 1 or TNC 2 TNC or stnadard
- clone such as a TAPR 1, HD 2020, PKT 1, MFJ 1470-74, etc. These use a
- center frequency of 1700 HZ; thus the high tone is 1800 HZ and the low
- tone is 1600 HZ for a 200 HZ AFSK signal utilizing NRZI encoding. Other
- tncs may utilize a different center frequency. For instance the newer AEA
- TNCs such as the PK-232 use a modem that is 500 HZ higher (2200 Hz) so
- your read-out would have to be 14.1055, 14.1075, 14.1095, 7.0935, etc.
- Kantronics also uses a non-TAPR modem center frequency. So check your TNC
- specs and find out what frequency you need to dial up the hf packet
- frequencies. In order to solve this problem some have suggested using
- the zero beat frequency as the "stated" frequency. Thus we can subtract
- 1700 HZ from 14103 KHz and come up with a frequency of 14.1013 MHz. Kinda
- of esoteric?
-
- Notice that this frequency is is very close to the international beacon
- frequency of 14.101 so it is not recommended that we use it any longer.
-
- OTHER HINTS:
- Set your agc to fastest setting. On transmit make sure that your alc
- setting is near mid scale and not flat-topping. Check your signal on an
- external receiver for hum or distortion. Listen before you send. Set your
- receiver so that it is neither too loud and distorts the modem nor is too
- low. Make sure that the noise does not create continuous false dcding.
-
- Special Usage Frequencies:
-
- 14.109, 14.111, 10.1095 and 7093 MHz contain stations that are operating
- under the SkipNet STA to the FCC sponsored by the ARRL. These frequencies
- are being used by BBS in automatic operation and are set for BBS to BBS
- traffic only. They will reject any requests from stations not marked as
- BBS. 14.107 MHz however have some BBS which permit user connects. 14.105
- is a general user frequency as well as is 7097 KHz. 80 meters has been
- used around 3610, however activity is spotty. The problem in the lower
- frequencies tend to be compounded by phase distortion. A phenomena in
- which every bounce off the ionosphere causes the tones to arrive at
- slightly different times. The more bounces between the receiver and the
- sender, the greater the phase distortion. Howvever, it has been found
- that much traffic can be passed on the lower frequencies if care is taken
- as to time of day (Minimum amount of hops). Thus when the band is short
- and although signmals are loud, throughput may be awful due to phase
- distortion.
-
- The above frequency list should not be considered to be complete by any
- means.
-
- In Australia and many other countries 1200 BAUD packet below 29 MHz is
- allowed. There is a move to attempt to apply for a STA for 1200 BAUD
- packet below 29 MHZ based on a bandwidth less than 3 KHz. There are also
- some working with different modem schemes such as PSK and others on HF.
- MOst of this experimentation is being done on 10 Meters currently and as
- the sunspot cycle continues to improve and the 15M and 10 M packet bands
- start to open reliably; we expect much more experimentation and
- connectivity.
-